Morphological characteristics of the left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries. A descriptive study in human cadaveric specimens / Características morfológicas das artérias gástricas esquerda, hepática comum e esplênica. Um estudo descritivo em espécimes cadavéricos humanos

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the morphology of the branches of celiac trunk (CT), left gastric (LGA), common hepatic (CHA), and splenic (SA) arteries in cadaveric specimens from a sample of a Colombian population. Methods: descriptive cross-sectional study of 26 blocks from the abdominal upper segment of human cadavers who underwent forensic autopsies at the Instituto de Medicina Legal at Bucaramanga, Colombia. The vascular beds of the celiac trunk were, subsequently, perfused with a semi-synthetic resin. Results: the diameters of LGA, CHA, and SA were 3.6±0.8mm, 5,2±1.2mm, and 5.9±1.0mm, respectively. Statistically, LGA and SA were different (p=<0.001). SA followed a linear trajectory in 8 (31%) samples, slightly tortuous in 4 (15%), and tortuous in 14 (54%). The tortuosity index was 1.25±0.18. Of the branches of CHA, the proper hepatic artery (PHA) had 4.8±1.2mm in diameter and 18.8±9.1mm in length, whereas the gastroduodenal artery (GDdA) had 4.1±0.8mm. In 2 cases (7.7%), an accessory hepatic artery from the LGA was found to supply perfusion to the left hepatic lobe. Finally, in 2 cases (7.7%) the SA came independently from the abdominal aorta. Conclusion: the observed emergence incidence of the CT branches from the same level as reported in the literature is lower. The characterization, along with their variants, of LGA, CHA, and SA must be considered in surgical procedures in the upper abdominal segment, to avoid iatrogenic complications.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a morfologia dos ramos das artérias do tronco celíaco (CT), gástrica esquerda (LGA), hepática comum (HC) e esplênica (SA) em espécimes cadavéricos de uma amostra de uma população colombiana. Métodos: estudo transversal descritivo de 26 blocos do segmento superior abdominal de cadáveres humanos submetidos a necropsias forenses no Instituto de Medicina Legal de Bucaramanga, Colômbia. Os leitos vasculares do tronco celíaco foram, posteriormente, perfundidos com resina semissintética. Resultados: os diâmetros de LGA, CHA e SA foram 3,6±0,8mm, 5,2±1,2mm e 5,9±1,0mm, respectivamente. Estatisticamente, LGA e SA foram diferentes (p=<0,001). A SA seguiu uma trajetória linear em 8 (31%) amostras, levemente tortuosa em 4 (15%) e tortuosa em 14 (54%). O índice de tortuosidade foi de 1,25±0,18. Dos ramos do ACS, a artéria hepática própria (APH) tinha 4,8±1,2mm de diâmetro e 18,8±9,1mm de comprimento, enquanto a artéria gastroduodenal (GDdA) tinha 4,1±0,8mm. Em 2 casos (7,7%), uma artéria hepática acessória do GIG foi encontrada para fornecer perfusão ao lobo hepático esquerdo. Finalmente, em 2 casos (7,7%) a SA veio independentemente da aorta abdominal. Conclusão: a incidência observada de emergência dos ramos de TC do mesmo nível relatado na literatura é menor. A caracterização, juntamente com suas variantes, de LGA, CHA e SA deve ser considerada em procedimentos cirúrgicos no segmento abdominal superior, para evitar complicações iatrogênicas.

Anatomical variations of the celiac trunk in adult Filipino cadavers: A retrospective study

Objectives@#The celiac trunk (CT) is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta and typically gives rise to the left gastric artery (LGA), common hepatic artery (CHA), and splenic artery (SA), which supply blood to the abdominal viscera. Variations in the branching pattern of the CT exist and knowledge of such is crucial when performing surgical, laparoscopic, and angiographic procedures. The aim of this study is to determine the anatomic variations of the CT in adult Filipino cadavers and to compare the proportions of these with those reported in the foreign literature.@*Methods@#Adult Filipino cadavers from the University of the Philippines College of Medicine Anatomy Laboratory were dissected by first year medical students from 2014-2019. The CT and its branches were identified, drawn on a separate piece of paper, and confirmed to be correct and accurate by an anatomist. The data collected from that period was reviewed. Percentages were calculated for the branching patterns identified. A Z-test of Two Populations was used to compare the results of the current study to that of Pinal-Garcia (2018), Pillay (2020) and Venieratos (2013).@*Results@#A total of 107 drawings based on 107 dissected preserved cadavers were reviewed. Ninety-two specimens (85.98%) showed typical branching into the LGA, CHA, and SA. The CT presented as a true tripod (tripus Halleri) in 75 specimens (70.09%) and as a bifurcation with one of the three arteries arising first along the trunk (false tripod) in 17 specimens (15.89%). Nine cadavers (8.41%) showed additional branches arising from the CT and four (3.74%) showed bifurcation of the CT with the third branch arising from a different artery.@*Conclusion@#The most common configuration of the CT among Filipino adult cadavers is a true tripod, followed by a false tripod, additional branching, and bifurcation of the CT with the third branch arising elsewhere. The present study most closely resembles the results of the study of Venieratos.

CBCT Evaluation of Unilateral Accessory Mental Foramina: Under Reported Anatomic Variant in Children

ABSTRACT: The following manuscript presents two paediatric cases with incidental finding of unilateral accessory mental foramina. Both the cases illustrate CBCT evaluation of a unilateral accessory foramina on the left side of the mandible, one of which, is a 12-year-old baby girl with pre-diagnosed medical history of precocious puberty and oral findings of supernumerary teeth and the other is an 8-year-old boy with oral bifurcation cyst. The not so frequent presence of additional foramina and canals in the mandible are frequently undervalued in clinical procedures and to our knowledge has not yet been reported in paediatric cases in the literature so far. In these case reports, authors attempt to document a rare and first of its type ever reported anatomic variant of mandible in paediatric patients in the whole literature.

RESUMEN: El manuscrito presenta dos casos pediátricos con hallazgo incidental de forámenes mentonianos accesorios unilaterales. Ambos casos se refieren a la evaluación CBCT de un foramen accesorio unilateral en el lado izquierdo de la mandíbula, uno de los cuales era una niña de 12 años con antecedentes medicos prediagnosticados de pubertad precoz y hallazgos orales de dientes supernumerarios y el otro un niño de 8 años con quiste de bifurcación bucal. La presencia no tan frecuente de forámenes y canales adicionales en la mandíbula se subestima con frecuencia en los procedimientos clínicos y, hasta donde sabemos, aún no se ha informado en casos pediátricos en la literatura hasta el momento. En esta serie de casos, los autores intentan documentar una variante anatómica rara y primera de su tipo de la mandíbula en pacientes pediátricos en toda la literatura.

Anatomic variations of the hip joint in soldiers of different ages / Variaciones anatómicas de la articulación coxal en soldados de diferentes edades

SUMMARY: Anatomic variations in hip joint are one of the risk factors for the occurrence of osteoarthritis of that part of locomotor system. Due to different age structure and a special way of conducting physical activity in the army, it is justified to presume the presence of even other risk factors which relate to the aging process, carrying of oversize weight and performing higher amplitudes of movement under load. The objective of the study related to determining the existence of eventual anatomic variations in the hip joint in soldiers of different age. This cross-sectional study covers 240 soldiers of Montenegro Army, divided into 8 age groups. Gathered data for morphological measures hip width and hip circumference were processed using the basic statistics, multivariate and univariate of variance and Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference test-HSD. The differences were considered statistically significant for p≤0.05. It was determined that for both morphological measures there are differences between soldiers of certain age. This is confirmed also by drastic deviations between certain age groups obtained for the defined level of statistical significance. The most pronounced is the detection of the annual increase of hip width of soldiers which is higher for 0.38 mm compared to general population. Based on the obtained results the existence of anatomic variations in soldiers' hip joints is stated. The confirmed anatomic changes in conjunction with other risk factors may lead to hip osteoarthritis, i.e to soldiers' health condition impairment. It is necessary to conduct longitudinal studies on the same examinees with precise diagnostics.

RESUMEN: Las variaciones anatómicas en la articulación coxal son uno de los factores de riesgo de la osteoartritis de esa zona del sistema locomotor. Debido a la diferente estructura respecto a la de edad y una forma especial de realizar la actividad física en el ejército, se justifica presumir la presencia de otros factores de riesgo que se relacionan con el proceso de envejecimiento, el transporte de peso sobredimensionado y la realización de mayores amplitudes de movimiento bajo carga. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la existencia de eventuales variaciones anatómicas en la articulación coxal en soldados de diferentes edades. Este estudio transversal incluyó 240 soldados del Ejército de Montenegro, divididos en 8 grupos de edad. Los datos recopilados para las medidas morfológicas del ancho y la circunferencia de la articulación coxal se procesaron utilizando las estadísticas básicas, la varianza multivariada y univariada y la prueba HSD de diferencia significativa de Tukey. Las diferencias fueron consideradas estadísticamente significativas para p≤0,05. Se determinó que para ambas medidas morfológicas existen diferencias entre soldados de cierta edad. Esto fue confirmado también por las desviaciones drásticas entre ciertos grupos de edad obtenidos para el nivel definido de significación estadística. El más pronunciado es la detección del aumento anual del ancho de cadera de los soldados, que es superior en 0,38 mm en comparación con la población general. En base a los resultados obtenidos se afirma la existencia de variaciones anatómicas en las articulaciones coxales de los soldados. Los cambios anatómicos confirmados junto con otros factores de riesgo pueden conducir a la osteoartritis de cadera, es decir, al deterioro del estado de salud de los soldados. Es necesario realizar estudios longitudinales en los mismos examinados con diagnósticos precisos.

Anatomical variations of the Celiac trunk in adult Filipino cadavers: A retrospective study

Objectives@#The celiac trunk (CT) is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta and typically gives rise to the left gastric artery (LGA), common hepatic artery (CHA), and splenic artery (SA), which supply blood to the abdominal viscera. Variations in the branching pattern of the CT exist and knowledge of such is crucial when performing surgical, laparoscopic, and angiographic procedures. The aim of this study is to determine the anatomic variations of the CT in adult Filipino cadavers and to compare the proportions of these with those reported in the foreign literature. @*Methods@#Adult Filipino cadavers from the University of the Philippines College of Medicine Anatomy Laboratory were dissected by first year medical students from 2014-2019. The CT and its branches were identified, drawn on a separate piece of paper, and confirmed to be correct and accurate by an anatomist. The data collected from that period was reviewed. Percentages were calculated for the branching patterns identified. A Z-test of Two Populations was used to compare the results of the current study to that of Pinal-Garcia (2018), Pillay (2020) and Venieratos (2013). @*Results@#A total of 107 drawings based on 107 dissected preserved cadavers were reviewed. Ninety-two specimens (85.98%) showed typical branching into the LGA, CHA, and SA. The CT presented as a true tripod (tripus Halleri) in 75 specimens (70.09%) and as a bifurcation with one of the three arteries arising first along the trunk (false tripod) in 17 specimens (15.89%). Nine cadavers (8.41%) showed additional branches arising from the CT and four (3.74%) showed bifurcation of the CT with the third branch arising from a different artery. @*Conclusion@#The most common configuration of the CT among Filipino adult cadavers is a true tripod, followed by a false tripod, additional branching, and bifurcation of the CT with the third branch arising elsewhere. The present study most closely resembles the results of the study of Venieratos.

Anatomical study of pronator teres muscle innervation and clinical significance in nerve transfer / Estudio anatómico de la inervación del músculo pronador redondo y significado clínico en la transferencia nerviosa

The anatomical relationship of the median nerve and its innervation pattern are variable and may have direct implications in surgical procedures such as distal nerve transfers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anatomical variations of pronator teres muscle (PTM) innervation and its clinical significance in nerve transfers. Data were collected regarding the number of median nerve branches, site of their origin, contribution with branches of other muscles and the possibility of transferring expendable branches of PTM to the anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) and radial nerve. The most common origin of the branches was proximal to the humeral intercondylar line. The presence of only one PTM branch was identified in 9 limbs, in which 6 was exclusive for this muscle. The majority of specimens presented more than one branch to the PTM, with two branches in 19, although only 6 of these did not share branches with other muscles. The proximal branch of the PTM was long enough to be transferred to the AIN in 23 limbs and branches of the radial nerve in all. These transfers were possible even during the forearm prone-supination and flexion-extension of the elbow. The use of the PTM branch may be considered for transfers in C7-T1 root injuries of the brachial plexus, with care regarding the availability of multiple PTM branches and tension to the AIN and radial nerve branches.

La relación anatómica del nervio mediano y su patrón de inervación son variables y pueden tener implicaciones directas en los procedimientos quirúrgicos, como las transferencias de los nervios distales. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las variaciones anatómicas de la inervación del músculo pronador redondo (MPR) y su importancia clínica en las transferencias nerviosas. Se obtuvieron datos sobre el número de ramas del nervio mediano, el lugar de origen, la contribución con ramas de otros músculos y la posibilidad de transferir ramas prescindibles de la MPR al nervio interóseo anterior (NIA) y al nervio radial. El origen más común de las ramas fue proximal a la línea intercondilar humeral. Se identificó la presencia de una sola rama de MPR en 9 miembros superiores, de los cuales 6 fueron exclusivas para este músculo. La mayoría de los especímenes presentaron más de una rama al MPR, con dos ramas en 19 de ellos, aunque solamente 6 no compartían ramas con otros músculos. La rama proximal del MPR fue lo suficientemente larga como para ser transferida a la NIA en un total de 23 miembros superiores y ramas del nervio radial. Estas transferencias fueron posibles incluso en el antebrazo, durante la supinación y la flexiónextensión del codo. El uso de la rama MPR puede considerarse para transferencias en lesiones de raíz C7-T1 del plexo braquial, con cuidado en cuanto a la disponibilidad de múltiples ramas de MPR y tensión a la NIA y las ramas nerviosas radiales.

Anatomic variations of hepatic artery: a study in 479 liver transplantations / Variações da anatomia arterial hepática: estudo em 479 transplantes hepáticos

ABSTRACT Background: The incidence of anatomic variations of hepatic artery ranges from 20-50% in different series. Variations are especially important in the context of liver orthotopic transplantation, since, besides being an ideal opportunity for surgical anatomical study, their precise identification is crucial to the success of the procedure. Aim: To identify the anatomical variations in the hepatic arterial system in hepatic transplantation. Methods: 479 medical records of transplanted adult patients in the 13-year period were retrospectively analyzed, and collected data on hepatic arterial anatomy of the deceased donor. Results: It was identified normal hepatic arterial anatomy in 416 donors (86.84%). The other 63 patients (13.15%) showed some variation. According to the Michels classification, the most frequently observed abnormalities were: right hepatic artery branch of superior mesenteric artery (Type III, n=27, 5.63%); left hepatic artery branch of the left gastric artery (Type II, n=13, 2.71%); right hepatic artery arising from the superior mesenteric artery associated with the left hepatic artery arising from the left gastric artery (Type IV, n=4, 0.83%). Similarly, in relation to Hiatt classification, the most prevalent changes were: right hepatic accessory artery or substitute of the superior mesenteric artery (Type III, n=28, 6.05%)), followed by liver ancillary left artery or replacement of gastric artery left (Type II, n=16, 3.34. Fourteen donors (2.92%) showed no anatomical abnormalities defined in classifications, the highest frequency being hepatomesenteric trunk identified in five (01.04%). Conclusion: Detailed knowledge of the variations of hepatic arterial anatomy is of utmost importance to surgeons who perform approaches in this area, particularly in liver transplantation, since their identification and proper management are critical to the success of the procedure.

RESUMO Racional: A incidência das variações anatômicas da artéria hepática varia de 20-50% em diferentes casuísticas. Elas são especialmente importantes no contexto do transplante ortotópico hepático, visto que, além de representar oportunidade ideal para seu estudo anatômico cirúrgico, a sua precisa identificação é determinante para o sucesso do procedimento. Objetivo: Identificar as variações anatômicas no sistema arterial hepático em transplantes hepáticos. Método: Foram analisados retrospectivamente, no período de 13 anos, 479 prontuários de pacientes adultos transplantados, sendo coletados dados referentes à anatomia arterial hepática do doador falecido. Resultados: Identificou-se anatomia arterial hepática normal em 416 doadores (86,84%). Os outros 63 indivíduos (13,15%) apresentaram alguma variação. De acordo com a classificação de Michels, as anomalias mais frequentes foram: artéria hepática direita ramo da artéria mesentérica superior (Tipo III, n=27, 5,63%); artéria hepática esquerda ramo da artéria gástrica esquerda (Tipo II, n=13, 2,71%); artéria hepática direita ramo da artéria mesentérica superior associada à artéria hepática esquerda ramo da artéria gástrica esquerda (Tipo IV, n=4, 0,83%). Do mesmo modo, em relação à Classificação de Hiatt, as variações mais prevalentes foram: artéria hepática direita acessória ou substituta da artéria mesentérica superior (Tipo III, n=28, 6,05%), seguida da artéria hepática esquerda acessória ou substituta da artéria gástrica esquerda (Tipo II, n=16, 3,34%). Quatorze pessoas (2,92%) apresentaram alterações anatômicas sem classificação definida, sendo a de maior frequência o tronco hepatomesentérico, identificado em cinco (1,04%). Conclusão: O conhecimento detalhado das variações da anatomia arterial hepática é de grande importância aos cirurgiões que realizam abordagens nessa região, em especial no transplante hepático, visto que sua identificação e correto manejo são fundamentais para o êxito do procedimento.

Arco palmar: correlato anátomo-quirúrgico en trauma / Palmar arch: anatomical and surgical correlation in trauma

La irrigación de la palma de la mano es proporcionada por arcos arteriales (superficial y profundo) que están conformados más frecuentemente por las arterias ulnar y radial estableciendo un patrón descrita como clásico. Se describen variaciones anatómicas en la conformación de ambos arcos, más frecuentemente en el arco palmar superficial; pudiendo ser los mismos completos o incompletos. Es objetivode este trabajo, la descripción anatómica de los arcos palmares, de sus diferentes patrones y variaciones de conformación, y sus implicancias clínico-quirúrgicas. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo, observacional y morfométrico de las arterias que participan en la formación de los arcos palmares; se utilizaron 100 preparaciones cadavéricas fijadas en solución de formol, de la Tercera Cátedra de Anatomía - Facultad de Medicina- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Se realizó además un análisis retrospectivo de casos con lesiones de la/sarteria/s principal/es que conforman los arcos palmares, en el Servicio de Emergencias del Hospital de Morón, entre 2015-2016. La arteria radial conforma el arco arterial profundo con la arteria cubito palmar más frecuentemente en el 100 % de los casos. El arco arterial superficial es el más variable. Fue completo en el 56 % y la presentación más frecuente (83 %) es aquella que se conforma por la anastomosis de la arteria ulnar y la arteria radiopalmar. El resto de las anastomosis son: entre arteria ulnar y arteria mediana (9 %),entre rama profunda de arteria radial y arteria ulnar (5 %); triple anastomosis entre arteria ulnar, arteria mediana y arteria radiopalmar (2 %), y anastomosis entre la arteria mediana y la arteria radiopalmar, sinparticipación de la arteria ulnar (1 %). El resto de la muestra (44 %) se lo puede denominar como incompleto. Los subtipos B1a y B1b fueron los más encontrados. Se describen dos casos clínicos, uno con sección completa de la arteria radial a nivel de la muñeca y el otro con sección completa de arteria ulnar con compromiso del nervio ulnar. Resulta esencial un correcto conocimiento de los arcos palmares para un adecuado abordaje quirúrgico de la mano. La importancia de la presencia o ausencia, así como de las distintas variaciones de los arcos arteriales palmares radica en su aplicación clínica quirúrgica como punto departida en el tratamiento del trauma como de otras patologías en las que existe compromiso de estos vasos.

The irrigation of the palm is provided by arterial arches (shallow and deep) that are made more frequently by the ulnar or radial arteries described as setting a classic pattern. Anatomical variations are described in shaping both arches, most often in the superficial palmar arch; may be the same complete or incomplete. The objective of this work is the anatomical description of the palmar arches, their different patterns and variations in conformation, and their clinical and surgical implications. A descriptive, observational and morphometric study of the arteries involved in the formation of the palmar arches was done in the Faculty of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires. One hundred 1(00) cadaveric preparations fixed in formalin solution, of the Third Chair of Anatomy were used. A retrospective analysis of cases with lesions / s artery /main / s that make the palmar arches in the Emergency Hospital of Moron, between 2015-2016 s was alsocarried out. Most frequently the radial artery forms the deep palmar arch with the deep palmar branch ofthe ulnar artery. Superficial palmar arch is the most variable. It was complete in 56 % and the most common presentation (83 %) is one that is formed by the anastomosis of the ulnar artery and the superficial palmar branch of the radial artery. The rest of the anastomosis are between ulnar artery and median artery(9%), between deep branch of radial artery and ulnar artery (5 %); triple anastomosis between ulnar artery,median artery and superficial palmar branch of the radial artery (2 %), and anastomosis between the median artery and superficial palmar branch of the radial artery without participation of the ulnar artery (1%). The rest of the sample (44 %) can be termed as incomplete. The B1a and B1b subtypes were the mostfound. Two cases, one entire section of the radial artery at the wrist and the other with complete section ofulnar artery with involvement of the ulnar nerve are described. It is essential to a proper understanding ofthe palmar arches for a suitable surgical approach to hand. The importance of the presence or absence, aswell as different variations of palmar arterial arch lies in its clinical application as surgical starting point in the treatment of trauma and other diseases in which there is engagement of arteries.

Avaliação morfológica de plantas jovens de Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. desenvolvidas em diferentes temperaturas / Morphlogical evaluation of Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. saplings grown in different temperatures

O principal objetivo da pesquisa foi a avaliação de aspectos da anatomia foliar, da morfologia dos órgãos vegetativos, bem como a produção de biomassa em plantas jovens de Copaifera langsdorffii desenvolvidas sob diferentes temperaturas. Foram coletadas sementes e colocadas para germinar em câmara BOD a 30ºC. Após trinta dias as plântulas, com o primeiro par de folhas completamente expandidas, foram transplantadas para copos contendo plantimax®, e aclimatizadas durante quinze dias em casa de vegetação, quando foram transferidas para BODs com temperaturas T1-15ºC, T2-25ºC, T3-35ºC, e a testemunha (T) que permaneceu em casa de vegetação (29ºC). O experimento foi conduzido por um período de 120 dias. Foram observadas diferenças significativas no tamanho e frequência dos estômatos, nas dimensões das cavidades secretoras de óleo, na espessura do mesofilo, nos aspectos morfológicos externos, e na produção de biomassa. A produção de mudas sob temperatura de 25ºC foi apropriada, sendo a condição onde as plantas tornaram-se mais vigorosas, com morfologia mais uniforme nos órgãos vegetativos e houve maior produção de biomassa seca.

The main purpose of this study was to evaluate aspects of leaf anatomy, morphology of vegetative organs and biomass production in Copaifera langsdorffii saplings developed under heat shock treatment. Seeds were collected and germinated in BOD chamber at 30 ºC. After thirty days, the seedlings with the first pair of fully expanded leaves were transplanted into cups containing Plantimax®, acclimatized for two weeks in a greenhouse and transferred to growth chamber with the temperatures T1-15 ºC, T2-25 ºC, T3- 35 ºC, and the control (T) remained in a greenhouse (29 ºC). The experiment was conducted over a period of 120 days. Significant differences were observed in size and frequency of stomata, size of the oil secretory cavities, thickness of the mesophyll in the external morphology and biomass production. The production of seedlings at 25 ºC is suitable, a condition in which the plants become more vigorous with a more uniform morphology in the vegetative organs and higher production of biomass.

Influence of the gender on cerebral vascular diameters observed during the magnetic resonance angiographic examination of willis circle

The present study evaluated the calibers and anatomic configurations based on the Magnetic Resonance analysis (MRA), assaying the cerebral vascular territories and sex-linked variations. A randomized sample of 30 angiographic examinations in adult patients of both sexes was obtained and components of the circle of Willis were identified. Branch diameters were measured on a transversal cut 5mm from the vessel origin in a typical angiographic frontal incidence. For the comparative statistical analysis, tests were divided in the groups considering the patients' sex and age. The classical Circle of Willis configuration was oberved in only 15 samples (50%). Greater calibers were observed in the arteries of the posterior circulation and multiple linear regression analysis established that the caliber of the posterior circulation was influenced by an independent variable related to the gender. Additional variations included unilateral and bilateral fetal and hypoplasic Posterior communicating arteries. In the anterior cerebral artery (ACA), the presence of an accessory developed ACA, an ACA giving branches to the distal portion of the two hemispheres and a third median ACA the variants were observed. Gender influenced the variations on internal diameters of posterior circulation vessels, with larger measurements in men.

Clinical Implications caused by the agenesis of the RectusAbdominal Muscle’s (MRA) inferior venter

The rectus abdominal muscle is part of the anterior abdominal wall, having three to six bellies. In only oneof the 106 dissections already made in the “Faculdade de Ciências Médicas de Minas Gerais” AnatomyLaboratory was found a male cadaver who did not have inferior venter of this muscle bilaterally. Instead, at theleft side, was found a tendon that measured 5.5 cm laterally and 12 cm medially, and at the right side, therewas the same variation with a 15.5 cm length tendon, rising in the upper branch of the pubis and crest pubis.Despite being a rare variation, individuals who have showed it have increased potential for physiological andsurgical complications, in case they need interventions using inferior rectus abdominis muscle venter’s snips.

A study of sacralisation of coccygeal vertebra in Gujarat.

Introduction: In the sacrococcygeal region anatomical variations are related with change in the number of sacral vertebra by union of first coccyx with sacrum. This study is carried to know the prevalence of sacralisation of coccygeal vertebra in Gujarat Method: The present study of sacralisation of coccygeal vertebra was carried out on 189 dry human sacra of gujarati population,115 male and 74 female. Result: Sacralisation of coccygeal vertebra was seen in 45(23.8 %)cases Conclusion:This study considers several issues pertaining to fusion of the coccyx to the sacrum,including prevalence,sexual differences,effect on pelvic size and obstetrical and evolutionary implications. Clinally,the sacralisation of coccygeal vertebra is of paramount importance to surgeons especially pediatric surgeons and obstetricians.as it is a less known variant.

Endodontic Miscellarny : A Mandibular Second Bicuspid With Three Root Canals.

The main objective of endodontic therapy is the restoration of the tooth to its proper form and function. In recent years increasing emphasis is laid on retaining pulpally involved teeth by dentists. To achieve satisfactory root canal therapy, a proper and in-depth knowledge of complex and abnormal root canal morphology is essential. Recognition of abnormal configuration enables the operator to better debride and obturate the root canal space to afford greater success in endodontics. Mandibular second premolar has a number of variations; one among them is having three root canals. This article describes a case of mandibular second bicuspid with unusual canals that is treated successfully.

Anatomía de la cabeza femoral humana: consideraciones en ortopedia, Parte I: anatomía y relaciones antropométricas del fémur proximal / Anatomy of the human femoral head: orthopedic issues, Part I: proximal femur anatomy and anthropometric measures

Las variantes antropométricas son aspectos que han servido como sustento científico para el entendimiento de la vasta patología que afecta a la articulación coxofemoral y para el desarrollo tanto de implantes de reemplazo articular como de técnicas de reconstrucción ósea. En esta revisión se planea exponer los aspectos morfológicos macroscópicos de la cabeza femoral en relación al extremo proximal del fémur, para describir las características anatómicas y funcionales que hacen de ésta, uno de los sitios anatómicos de mayor importancia en la cirugía ortopédica.

The femoral head macroscopic and anthropometric anatomical variations are issues that have been used as scientific support for the understanding of the pathology which affects the hip joint and for the development of joint replacement implants and bone reconstruction techniques. The aim of this review is to expose the morphological macroscopic characteristics of the femoral head in relation to the proximal femur, in order to describe the functional and anatomical characteristics, which have made of this structure one of the most important anatomical areas in orthopedic surgery.

Ramas emergentes del arco aórtico en fetos humanos: un estudio descriptivo directo en población colombiana / Branches arise of the aortic arch in human fetus: a descriptive direct study in Colombian population

Las variaciones anatómicas en el número y ubicación de ramas emergentes del arco aórtico tienen diversos grados de implicación clínica y de su identificación oportuna depende el manejo y pronóstico de las alteraciones asociadas. Al revisar su compleja morfogénesis y reportes bibliográficos previos surge la hipótesis de si algunas formas de expresión pudieran ser transicionales durante la gestación y no manifestarse en el adulto. En Colombia no hay registros directos sobre la expresión morfológica de las ramas del arco aórtico en población fetal, razón que motiva el desarrollo del presente trabajo. Se analizaron 51 bloques cardiopulmonares de fetos mortinatos sin anomalías cardiovasculares, entre 17 y 40 semanas de gestación, cuyos lechos vasculares fueron repletados con resina poliéster. Luego se valoró el número de ramas emergentes del arco aórtico y la distancia entre ellas de acuerdo a la edad gestacional. La forma usual de presentación con 3 ramas en el arco aórtico se encontró en 56.9 por ciento de los casos, en el 27,5 por ciento se originaron 2 ramas, y en el 15,7 por ciento 4 ramas. La distribución del número de ramas por edad gestacional no mostró diferencia significativa (p>0,1). La distancia entre la primera y última ramas aumentó linealmente con la edad gestacional, pero no se observó diferencia significativa (p>0,1) entre el número de ramas y las semanas de desarrollo de los fetos evaluados. Nuestra frecuencia de variaciones en el número de ramas del arco aórtico es superior a la reportada en la literatura, particularmente en los arcos con 4 ramas en la totalidad de los cuales el vaso adicional se ubica entre la carótida común y la subclavia izquierdas. Nuestros resultados sugieren que estos patrones morfológicos están definidos desde el período embrionario y no se modifican en el transcurso de la gestación.

The anatomic variations in position and number of branches arise of the aortic arch have different grades of clinical implication and the right treatment and prognosis of associated anomalies depend of their early diagnosis. Reviewing your morphogenesis complex and previous literature come up the hypothesis about some expression could be transitional during gestation and do not to express in postnatal life. The morphological expression of the branches of the aortic arch in human fetuses is unknown in Colombia and that is why this study has been developed. 51 cardiopulmonary blocks obtained from stillborn fetus from 17th to 40th gestation weeks without cardiovascular anomalies, were analyzed and filled with polyester resin. Then the number of branches arises from the aortic arch and the distance between them was also analyzed through gestation. In 56.9 percent of the cases 3 branches are arisen from the aortic arch, 2 branches in 27.5 percent and 4 branches in 15.7 percent. The number of branches according to gestational age showed no significant difference (p>0.1). Distance between the first and the last branches increases linearly with gestational age, but showed no significant difference (p>0.1) between the number of branches and the gestation's weeks of the analyzed fetus. The variations found in the number of branches from the aortic arch are further than what literature reports, especially in cases with 4 branches, in these cases the additional branch was between left common carotid and left subclavian artery. These findings indicate than the morphologic patterns were defined since the embryonic stage, and they do not change during gestation.

Venous communication between the right and left kidneys: a rare anatomic variation / Comunicación venosa entre los riñones derecho e izquierdo: una rara variación anatómica

Renal vascular anatomic variations, especially of the renal arteries, have been observed in about 20-30 percent of cases, which are very often verified in the left antimere. These variations showed two or three renal arteries stemming directly from the aorta. These anatomic variations have been considered extremely important risk factors in surgical proceedings by different authors. The dissection of a cadaver showed an uncommon venous feature in addition to renal artery variation, specially, in the left antimere. A direct venous communication between left and right kidneys was verified without there being any relation to the inferior cava vein or common iliac veins. Thus, the knowledge of blood vessel anatomic variation is an important element to improve surgical techniques as well as to provide precise analyses of urological and radiological proceedings in different renal diseases. Specially, taking into consideration that hard traction of the renal pedicle could rupture the vessels, leading to lethal hemorrhaging.

Se han observado variaciones anatómicas vasculares renales, especialmente de las arterias renales, en una frecuencia alrededor del 20 a 30 por ciento de los casos, cuya incidencia se verifica a menudo en el antímero izquierdo. En estas variaciones, de acuerdo con lo que se notó, dos o tres arterias renales provenían directamente de la aorta. Distintos autores han considerado que estas variaciones anatómicas son factores de riesgo extremadamente importantes en los procedimientos quirúrgicos. En esta investigación, por medio de la disección de un cadáver, se observó una característica venosa rara, además de la variación de la arteria renal, especialmente en el antímero izquierdo. Se verificó una comunicación venosa directa entre los ríñones izquierdo y derecho, pese al hecho que no sea común cualquier relación con la vena cava inferior o las venas ilíacas comunes. Así, el conocimiento de la variación anatómica del vaso sanguíneo es un elemento importante para implementar técnicas quirúrgicas, así como proporcionar análisis exactos de procedimientos urológicos y radiológicos en diversas enfermedades renales, pues se debe considerar además que la tracción dura del pedículo renal podría romper los vasos y ocasionar una hemorragia mortal.

Extensor digitorum brevis manus: a raremuscle on the dorsum of the hand

The extensor digitorum brevis manus is one of the rare anatomic variations which occur on the dorsum of the hand. Only some 295 articles were found worldwide in an extensive bibliographic review carried out in 2003. This muscle was dissected bilaterally on a male corpse at the Human Anatomy Laboratory of the Morphophysiological Department of the “Faculty of Medical Sciences of Minas Gerais”. It is an elongated, small muscle, originating at the carpal bones and at the extensor retinaculum and inserting into one of the tendons of the finger’s extensor muscle. Even though it does not present an essential function in the movement of the fingers nor the hand, it can lead to pain when hypertrophied, creating the need for clinical or even surgical treatment.

Anatomic Variations in the Bifurcation of Common Carotid Artery in Rabbits

No abstract available.

The Significance of Bronchial Arterial Anomalies and Multiple Feeding Vessela in BAI of Bronchogenic Carcinoma / 介入放射学杂志

120 casea of bronchogenic carcinoma treated 286 times by BAI revealed several types of bronchial arterial variations in 12 cases and multiple feeding arteries in 56 cases by way of selective Bronchial arteriography.The article emphasizes the significance of the existence bronchial arterial anomalies and multiple feeding arteries in BAI.And also we ex plored the selective catheterization technique in the bronchial arteriography.